A
green carpet of garden, a Persian garden, runs from the main gateway to
the foot of the Taj Mahal. Such gardens were introduced to India by Babur,
the first Mughal emperor, who also brought with him the Persian
infatuation with flowers and fruit, birds and leaves, symmetry and
delicacy. Unlike other Oriental gardens - especially those of the
Japanese, who learned to accentuate existing resources rather than
formalise them - the Persian garden was artificially contrived, unbashedly
man-made, based on geometric arrangements of nature without any attempt at
a "natural" look. Like Persian gardeners, landscape artists at the Taj attempted to translate the perfection of heaven into terrestrial terms by following certain formulas. In Islam, four is the holiest of all numbers - most arrangements of the Taj Mahal are based on that number or its multiples - and the gardens were thus laid out in the quadrate plan. Two marble canals studded with fountains and lined with cypress trees (symbolising death) cross in the centre of the garden dividing it into four equal squares.
The mausoleum, instead of occupying the central point (like most mughal mausoleums), stands majestically at the north end just above the river. Each of the four quarters of the garden has been sub-divided into 16 flower beds by stone-paved raised pathways. At the centre of the garden, halfway between the tomb and the gateway, stands a raised marble lotus-tank with a cusped border. The tank has been arranged to perfectly reflect the Taj in its waters.
A clear, unobstructed view of the mausoleum is available from any spot in the garden. Fountains and solemn rows of cypress trees only adorn the north-south water canal, lest the attention of the viewer would be diverted to the sides !! This shows how carefully the aesthetic effect of the water devices and the garden were calculated. The deep green cypress trees with their slender rising shapes and curving topmost crests are mirrored in the water while between their dark reflections shines the beauty of the immortal Taj.
The Water Devices
The architect e conduits, designed a clever system to procure water for the Taj through underground pipes. Water was drawn from the river by a series of purs (manual system of drawing water from a water body using a rope and bucket pulled by bullocks) and was brought through a broad water channel into an oblong storage tank of great dimensions. It was again raised by a series of thirteen purs worked by bullocks.
Except
for the ramps, the other features of the whole water system have survived.
An over-head water-channel supported on massive arches carried water into
another storage tank of still greater dimensions. Water was finally raised
by means of fourteen purs and passed into a channel which filled three
supply tanks, the last of which had pipe mouths in its eastern wall. The
pipes descended below and after travelling underground crossed into the
Taj enclosure. One pipe line runs directly towards the mosque to supply
the fountains in the tanks on the red sandstone plinth below the marble
structure. Copper pipes were used for separate series of fountains in the
north-south canal, lotus pond and the canal around it. An ingenious method was devised to ensure uniform and undiminished water pressure in the fountains, irrespective of the distance and the outflow of water. A copper pot was provided under each fountain pipe - which was thus connected to with the water supply only through the pot. Water first fills the pot and then only rises simultaneously in the fountains. The fountains are thus controlled by pressure in the pots and not pressure in the main pipe. As the pressure in the pots is uniformly distributed all the time, it ensures equal supply of water at the same rate in all the fountains.
The main supply of the water was however obtained through earthenware pipes. One such main was discovered under the bed of the western canal. The pipe is 9" in diameter and
has
been embedded in masonry at a depth of 5 feet below the level of the paved
walk. Evidently, the Mughal water expert was a master of his art and
successfully worked out the levels in relation to the volume of water to
ensure its unobstructed supply for centuries. He anticipated no repair
work and therefore made no provision for it; hence the extraordinary depth
at which the pipe was sunk. The Taj garden is irrigated by the overflowing of canals. The north-south canal has inlets of water through fountains. The east-west received its water through an interconnection with the north-south canal. Thus the quarters near the canals received an adequate supply of water and could be used for growing flower-plants which would not obscure the general view, while the distant quarters got a smaller supply of water and were suitable only for tall trees.
